Solid Waste Management Services Research Articles

An Assessment of Waste Management in Slum Communities in Freetown. It’s Implications on the Health and Safety of Inhabitants

Purpose: The study objective is to assess the state of Solid Waste Management (SWM) in slum communities in Freetown, its factors and effects on the safety and wellbeing of slum dwellers together with the challenges faced by authorities in combatting inadequate SWM system in slum and to provide recommendations with regards to interventions to promote adequate waste management in slums.
 Materials and Methods: The study took place in three slum areas around Freetown in Sierra Leone. A total sample size of 400 respondents comprising of household heads were selected. A self-administered structured questionnaire was given to a total of 400 respondents of household heads above eighteen years old. Only 392 of the 400 respondents that were initially targeted for the study completed their questionnaires at the end of the survey. The data collected was presented in tables and statistical analytical techniques or methods such as percentages and graphs were used to analyse the data and to find out the factors, effects and challenges associated with inappropriate solid waste management services in slum areas in Freetown.
 Findings: According to the study, it was found that the major categories of waste generated in households were biodegradable and food (39%) while plastic remains (31%). Most households stored their wastes in polythene bags (59.1%) and sacks (20.2%) before disposal and 10.3% of the households did not have waste storage containers and kept their wastes outside the house in the open. Poor knowledge in waste segregation practices with very minimal recycling, reuse of wastes and a resultant poor waste management system were observed in slum communities.  The study helps provide a much-needed data on solid waste management (SWM) in Freetown for authorities and other stakeholders as there are limited sources of data on waste management in Sierra Leone. It also provides further literature on waste management issues for further research, policy development by the authorities and recommendations for best practice by communities and stakeholders.
 Implications to Practice and Policy: It was recommended that waste management should be prioritized as a social service, with adequate budget lines. Engage several stakeholders in the management of waste to generate a sense of responsibility and interest from all stakeholders.

National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP): Challenges and Advances after 10 Years of Implementation

A decade after the implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP), municipalities continue to face challenges in implementation. This study aimed to assess the influence of the Municipal Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (MISWMP) and proper waste disposal in the main cities of the country, in light of the National System of Information on Solid Waste Management (NSISWM). The analyzed data indicate slight advances related to what the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) proposes, stemming from difficulties in implementing the policy itself and/or making its instruments viable, especially in cities in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. Practices such as improper waste disposal in open dumps or controlled landfills and incineration characterize the reality of Brazil, even a decade after the publication of the NSWP. Among the adopted strategies, waste recycling emerges as significant, with emphasis on composting and energy generation from biogas. There is a need for the integration of municipalities, states, and the Union to provide support for them to better exploit the potential in the generated waste, based on dominant technologies. It is also noteworthy the absence of updated data and cities' non-compliance with individual declarations in the NSISWM, regarding the provision of public solid waste management services, contradicting the policy itself and hindering the transparency of each municipality's data, making it difficult or even preventing monitoring by interested parties, civil society, and public and private entities.

A system dynamics model and analytical hierarchy process: an integrated approach for achieving sustainable solid waste management system.

Waste management in low-income countries faces challenges with an average cost of $35/ton approximately 51% collection efficiency. Despite investments in treatment, processing, and recycling, the system remains unsustainable owing to poor planning and policies. The current analysis of Lahore's solid waste management (SWM) system, selected as a major city of a low-income country as a case study, focuses on collection efficiency and waste generation. However, it neglects the complex and dynamic nature of SWM systems. To capture the complexities and dynamic nature of the SWM system, system dynamic (SD) modeling is proposed for its effectiveness in modeling complex and dynamic systems. Unlike previous attempts at SD modeling that mostly consider only some components of the SWM system with varying success, this study attempts to use a holistic approach by considering all aspects of an integrated SWM system. In addition, this study explores different financial and management policies, highlighting the weaknesses of the system through a quantitative comparison of three scenarios: (1) business-as-usual (BAU) which considers the current trends in waste generation and practices of collection and disposal to landfill, (2) waste treatment system (WTS) in which various waste treatment systems are included to reduce burden on landfill, and (3) introduction of user fee with awareness campaigns (UFAC) which encourages community participation towards reduction in waste generation and financially supports the SWM. All three scenarios use four indices: waste generation, waste ending up in landfill, uncollected waste, and annual budget deficit as performance indices. These scenarios were simulated over a 25-year period using an SD model, covering all six components of the SWM system. The BAU scenario shows a 16% increase in waste generation, a 173% increase in landfill waste, an 11% reduction in uncollected waste, and a 64% increase in the budget deficit over the simulation period, indicating an unsustainable SWM system. The WTS scenario exhibits a 16% increase in waste generation, a 155% increase in landfill waste, an 11% reduction in uncollected waste, and a 61% increase in the budget deficit, showing a significant reduction in landfill waste and a slight reduction in deficit but it remains unsustainable. The UFAC scenario, however, results in a 40% reduction in waste generation, a 67% decrease in uncollected waste, an 8% decrease in landfill waste, and a 59% decrease in the budget deficit. These results demonstrate that instituting user fees for SWM services and incentivizing community participation towards waste reduction and segregation can make the SWM system of Lahore sustainable. This SD model provides insights for policymakers, aiding what-if analyses and long/short-term waste management plans for metropolitan cities in low-income countries. To validate the sustainability judgments based on performance indices, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tool commonly used for ranking policy decisions based on competing criteria, was employed. It considered the same four criteria as in the SD model. The results of the AHP analysis aligned with those of the SD model, ranking the UFAC scenario as the most sustainable option.

Tariff setting for solid waste management services in Kazakhstan: problems and ways to solve them

The improvement of the pricing mechanism in the field of solid household waste management (MSW) is due to the need to transition to a sustainable waste management system. The current state of affairs in the field of solid waste management is characterized by chronic underfunding. Regulatory documents on the current regulatory instruments in this area do not fully implement the regulatory impact on the financial provision of the sphere of solid waste management. In this regard, the problem of scientific research and the search for ways to improve the efficiency of the process of tariff formation for solid waste management services is extremely urgent. The article provides a critical analysis of the normative primary sources for calculating the tariff for solid waste management services and determining the norms for the formation and accumulation of municipal waste (CO). The results of experimental author's studies of calculating tariffs and determining norms in retrospect over recent years with the identification of local features in their dynamics are presented, recommendations are given to improve the organization of sample observations in determining norms, as well as determining the volume of waste exported. Based on the logic of the economic factor analysis of the regulatory model of tariff calculation, the problematic provisions of the current methodology for calculating the need for financial resources for the collection and transportation, sorting and disposal of solid waste, determining the annual tariff per unit of solid waste and determining the rate of formation and accumulation of CO, appropriate recommendations have been developed to eliminate the identified problems. The conclusions and recommendations of the study will be useful to state bodies, local representative and executive authorities, economic entities, experts interested in the development of the sphere of solid waste management.

Analysis of the Integrated Basic Sanitation Concession Model Adopted by the Municipality of São Simão, Goiás

Objective: To assess the integrated concession model adopted by São Simão, a municipality in the state of Goiás, which encompasses water supply, sanitary sewage, and urban solid waste management services.
  
 Theoretical Framework: Law 14,026 established the year 2033 for the universalization of water supply and sanitation services and the year 2024 for the implementation of environmentally adequate final disposal in Brazilian municipalities (Brasil, 2020a). Due to reduced federal funding for investment, the federal government has sought the involvement of private entities to ensure the capacity for investment, operation, and maintenance of these services.
  
 Method: Information about the federal government's strategy was obtained from the websites of the Ministries of Regional Development and Economy and the Caixa Econômica Federal. For the case study of the integrated concession, research was conducted on the reference studies of the modeling and the bidding notice, made publicly available by the municipality on its website.
  
 Results and Conclusion: The tariffs obtained in the concession modeling indicate an average commitment of 4.12% of the household income, in line with international benchmarks for expenditure on basic sanitation and consistent with market-practice values. Tariff affordability and the economic-financial feasibility of the project were enhanced by the synergy among the three sanitation sectors.
  
 Research implications: The model enables the achievement of the goals set by the new legal framework for sanitation through a standard concession, without any counterpart or additional input from the municipality.
  
 Originality/Value: The integrated concession model represents an innovative venture with the potential to boost the economic and financial sustainability of universal access to basic sanitation in the country.

ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLDS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN KUALA NERUS, TERENGGANU

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a multifaceted development issue that municipal authorities face, particularly in emerging nations like Malaysia. The population’s willingness to pay was determined using a double-bounded dichotomous choice approach to obtain responses for a finance mechanism to improve SWM services in Kuala Nerus. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted on 300 households, including all the major towns and villages. According to the bid questions, most respondents (72.48%) said they would be willing to pay RM2 for solid waste management in their area, and 27.52% were not willing to pay RM2. For bid2, 65.74% of the respondents were willing to pay RM4 for the solid waste management. As a result, 30.9% of respondents stated they did not want to pay for solid waste management in their area. The survey found that when the bid was high, the respondent’s WTP value decreased from 72.48% (bid1) to 65.74% (bid2). This research adds to the body of knowledge on a key aspect of the financing mechanism, WTP, for better SWM services. The findings will benefit efforts to build a long-term finance structure for waste management services in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu.

Households’ and Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Municipal Solid Waste Management in Metropolitan Area of Sokoto State, Nigeria

Sokoto metropolis had recently witnessed an alarming increase in solid waste generation which could be harness and use as improved compost. This study examines households’ and Farmers’ willingness to pay for improved solid waste management services and its implications to agriculture. The population used for this study consist of selected households, farmers and stakeholders of solid waste management in Sokoto Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting the study respondents. A total of 150 households across low income, middle income, high income as well as mixed commercial residential areas and 30 farmers constituted the samples for the study. Descriptive statistics and logit regression model were used in analyzing the data collected. The results revealed that all household respondents generate waste and the major challenge that impedes willingness to pay is amount charged for the improved waste management services. The logit model vindicated that respondents in high and middle income residential areas had increasing tendency of accepting improved refuse waste management and are more willing to pay for improved refuse waste management services. On the other hand, a reasonable percentage of the farmers are willing to accept and pay for sorted refuse waste converted to compost. The unsorted refuse waste was attributed as a cheap source for manure but it contained polythenes, metals and other hazardous element which are harmful to human health and affects crops germination and growth. The improved refuse waste converted to compost could serve as an alternative source for low cost and high quality manure that is free from those harmful elements, to improve smallholder farmers’ crops productivity. This study therefore recommends for Public-Private-Partnership to address the menace of generated waste and the possible conversion of waste to wealth

Towards an Integrated Approach to Solid Waste Management in Ghanaian Cities

Solid Waste Management (SWM) in cities has become a theme of utmost importance in urban geographycompared to studies in rural areas which have smaller population sizes and limited consumption optionsthat are relatively more manageable. Existing studies reveal that integration of formal and informal SWMactors is the needed mechanism to overcome SWM challenges. Integration is also at the heart of the 2012Ghana National Urban Policy, yet urban spaces are zoned under public-private partnership (PPP)arrangement with private formal SWM actors. How to integrate the burgeoning numbers of privateinformal SWM service providers still remains unaddressed owing to a host of disparate institutional,political, and socio-economic factors. Using field-based data collected in three open-air markets in Accra,this paper examines the integration pathways used to include informal SWM actors in the context of PPPand thence argues for the need to rethink current SWM approaches in a participatory manner since mostGhanaian cities are facing limited financial and infrastructural resources, growing inequalities andincreasing informality regarding urban metabolism flow.

Smart technology solution for a cleaner city: a case study of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

This paper investigates Smart-TRACS, an affordable and innovative smart technology solution to improve solid waste management and revenue collection in the rapidly expanding city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. By analyzing data from key stakeholders in the solid waste management service chain, the study validates the hypotheses that: (H1) Smart-TRACS has improved solid waste management service provision, and (H2) Smart-TRACS has enhanced refuse collection charges collection rates in the piloted wards. Notably, Smart-TRACS registered a 129% increase in identified service users, 13.5% increase in revenue collection, 55% increase in revenue collection coverage, and many other positive impacts resulting from data-driven internal management optimization. This paper provides compelling evidence that leveraging data can drive improved efficiency, resilience, innovation and inclusivity in Dar es Salaam’s city development. However, the paper also identifies limitations with Smart-TRACS, which underscore challenges hindering the city’s transition to a smart city status. The absence of an actively implemented robust overarching city master plan, smart city coordination framework, a challenging business environment, and the risks associated with sudden institutional change pose significant obstacles to sustained smart city development and innovation. Addressing these core challenges is crucial for Dar es Salaam to embark on a sustainable path towards smart city development and realize its potential for transformative growth.

Citizens’ willingness to pay for adaptive municipal solid waste management services in Jakarta, Indonesia

The capability of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) services and the system's sustainability are significant challenge in developing cities like Jakarta. MSWM provides a comprehensive, adaptive capacity framework for addressing problems in resource-constrained developing nations where poor assets, flexibility, social organization, learning, and agency have no adaptive means of regaining them. This paper aim to conduct an evaluation framework under adaptive MSWM, estimates citizens’ preferences heterogeneity and, evaluates willingness-to-pay (WTP) under hypothetical scenarios of future adaptive MSWM retribution. The findings indicate that adaptive MSWM services substantially impact the decision to expand their environment. In addition, citizens who supported the adaptive MSWM services tended to have a higher income than the minimum wage, live outside of slums, are older than 39 years, and are aware of climate change and the current MSWM system and infrastructure. The findings imply that policymakers must enhance citizen MSWM awareness of climate change and infrastructure used to dealing with adaptability strategies. Finally, we establish three adaptive MSWM scenario for sustainable services with the optimization of the MSWM system and infrastructure, community-based MSWM, and smart MSWM system and infrastructure.

Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices and Role of Community Participation in Mettu Town, Ethiopia

Solid waste management has become a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of Ethiopia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of the existing solid waste management and to assess the attitude and role of the community in Mettu town. In order to accomplish these objectives, both primary and secondary data were gathered and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The sample size included of 96 members of households, business owners, kebele leaders, municipal workers, solid waste collectors and health extension workers who were selected randomly. Based on the data that generated from the respondents municipal solid waste management system is very weak in terms of status, spatial coverage, community involvement, and solid waste management facility. Among 96 about 84 (87.5%) respondents are not satisfied with the existing solid waste management. The communities participate very careless to clean their front yards, street and see it as the responsibility of the municipality. This poor status of solid waste management is intensified by poor contribution of stakeholders. Therefore, the government should be engaged in awareness creation and training all communities and stakeholders to upgrade the existing low status of solid waste management services in Mettu town.

EXPLANATORY FACTORS OF LOCAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MOROCCO: A TERRITORIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH

Purpose – The aim of this article is to specify the determining factors behind the decision to adopt either an internal or external means of the household waste management service in Moroccan local authorities (LAs), particularly in the “communes”. Research methodology – The methodology applied is quantitative, based on a questionnaire addressed by e-mail to 115 “Communes”. The SPSS 25 software was used to analyze the result of the logistic regression. Results – Our findings show that socio-territorial factors do not have a significant influence upon the choice of a local waste management service delivery mode, while organizational and institutional factors, particularly financial resources, do influence this choice. Local authorities with better financial resources tend to rely less on in-house solid waste management services. Research limitations – Methodological limitations such as sample size and a lack of reliable data on public service delivery, may be overcome in an exploratory study by using a qualitative method (interviews, case studies). Practical implications – Our study sheds light on the factors explaining the development of public service management methods as well as testing proposals favoring the effective use of management techniques in the local context. Originality/Value – The originality of our study lies in its quantitative investigation of waste management service delivery mode in Moroccan local authorities emphasizing the role of financial resources and distinguishing itself from previous research by finding that socio-territorial factors do not significantly affect this choice.

Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: An overview

Malaysia is heavily dependent on landfilling as a method of waste disposal, and as a result, severe space constraints, health issues, and environmental issues will eventually affect the country. This essay aims to give a general overview of solid waste recycling in Malaysia at the level that affects a community or country the most, the family. In Malaysia, households are the main producers of municipal solid waste, with recyclable materials making up between 70 and 80 percent of the total waste found in landfills. To improve solid waste management from a recycling perspective, it is important to consider Malaysia's current household solid waste recycling policy and program status. Wastes are still dumped in open areas of land without any attempt at recovery or recycling, despite the high potential and opportunities for doing so. Malaysia's rate of 5% illustrates the rarity of this practice when compared to recycling rates in neighboring nations. The government is committed to greatly enhancing solid waste management services for all citizens, particularly waste minimization. Since wastes, separation, and recycling make up a sizable portion of the major changes in the current policy implementation, it is a good thing that the emphasis on recycling as a sustainable waste management strategy has undergone a paradigm shift. The question of whether the 2020 goals can be met is still up in the air, but there is a chance for a successful implementation of sustainable solid waste management. These issues and challenges in recycling practice were highlighted in this context.

"The rich will always be able to dispose of their waste": a view from the frontlines of municipal failure in Makhanda, South Africa.

A significant proportion of South African municipalities, who hold the mandate for providing solid waste management (SWM) services for millions of South Africans, appear to be on the brink of collapse. On the frontlines of municipal failure, the city of Makhanda, following two decades of poor governance and mismanagement, has found itself unable to fulfil its mandate, with the state retreating on SWM service provision, and disruptions to waste management services becoming a daily reality. Drawing on embedded, qualitative fieldwork, this article examines how differently placed residents have experienced disruptions to SWM services. This work explores how residents of Makhanda's two halves: the affluent and predominantly white neighbourhoods in the west, and the poor, non-white townships in the east, have (or have not) adapted to manage and dispose of their own waste during periods of disruption. Findings suggest that disruptions to waste management service provision have been broadly experienced by residents. However, the consequences of interruptions to municipal collection have not been evenly borne, as more resourced, western residents have been more successful at managing their own waste disposal, while the residents of Makhanda's townships are less capable of coping, with affected communities coming to resemble a dumping ground, and residents having to adopt unsafe or environmentally harmful disposal practices. These findings are important because they shed light on the challenges of creating cleaner, more equal communities without healthy municipal participation in waste management services, while raising important considerations for a South Africa facing the possibility of widespread municipal collapse.

Quality analysis of solid waste management services in Ghana: A gap score approach

Quality analysis of solid waste management services in Ghana: A gap score approach

Defining the Organization of Municipal Solid Waste Management Based on Production Costs

A long-lasting dilemma on the efficient provision of services of general economic interest has become increasingly important in the waste management industry: competition or monopoly in municipal solid waste management. Previous literature has primarily examined the economics of scale and scope to provide an adequate response. Here, we contribute by investigating subadditivity in municipal solid waste management service costs. Subadditivity is a critical concept used to justify imperfect competition, which encourages natural monopolies where one producer will function more effectively than more firms. To test the hypothesis that a subadditivity in costs in waste management exists, we design a simulation based on empirical data for Milan, Italy. We compared the total production cost of the incumbent firm with the alternative hypothesis built by dividing the city into four areas and assigning each area to a different hypothetical firm. The results suggest that the existence of subadditivity results in 6% lower production costs, primarily stemming from business synergies, lower transactional costs, and optimization of productive resources and facilities. The evidence justifies, ceteris paribus, that the provision by a single firm is preferable to multiple firms in the analysis case. Implications for policies are straightforward. The one-fit rule approach fails to set the best condition for policymakers to create a level playing field transparently and efficiently for industry operators to perform efficiently.

A Study of Solid Waste Management (SWM) and Conversion of Wet Waste and Vegitable Market Waste into Feeds and as alternative Energy of GHMC- Alwal Circle, Hyderabad in Telangana.

The overall goal of this study on urban solid waste management is to collect, treat and dispose of solid wastes generated by all municipality authorities and population groups in an environmentally and socially satisfactory manner using the most economical means available. Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) are usually authorized to have responsibility for providing solid waste management services to the abovestudy area i.e Alwal Circle, As Hyderabad city grow economically, the industrial activities and consumption patterns drive up a growth of solid waste quantities. At the same time, increased traffic congestion adversely affects the productivity of the solid waste fleet. Productivity loss is exacerbated by longer hauls, open lands are turning as dump yards for commertial and household waste. The main objective of the study is educating a. waste generating communities for segregation, b. rag-pickers for safe handling & c. segregating agencies for recycling to create economical values like investment, employment etc.

Designing of Integrated Solid Waste Management at City Amanganj Dist. Panna Madhya Pradesh, India

The growth of cities might evidently manage the essential water supply and wastewater treatment services. It maintainsthe population to accelerate on amount of municipal solid waste generation. The revenues of SWM have managed around28% of total spending. The study has revealed that 4MT per day has been obtained from Amanganj District Panna, MadhyaPradesh. It has quantity and properties that measure the market with the product to meet with the vermicompostingmethod. The waste consists of decomposable organic matter through high carbon-nitrogen ratio by bio-composting.The study show has added on an efficient process with a stabilized way to manage and solve the problems arising on theadverse effects of household waste. This can improve the current solid waste management services offered by the Municipalgovernment of Amanganj to explore the constraints with the issues arriving on a suitable solution. Therefore, the sitesuitability has carried out through governmental records with the SWM system. It has derived on the different thematiclayers with solid waste dumping. A solid waste management system design with the waste segregation and treatment ofdisposal as well as capacity of engineered with the composting yard with the multiple chamber and layout of the facility

Municipal Solid Waste Management on In-depth Analysis for a Hilly area District of India

Everyone on earth faces a serious threat from municipal solid waste (MSW), but it is especially hazardous in developing countries like India where urbanization and industrial expansion are rising swiftly. Urbanization is expanding quickly and the population is gradually increasing in Almora city located in Uttarakhand. The city provides sites for a range of administrative, educational, economic, tourism, health, and recreational pursuits. In the study area, solid waste collection and management services are mostly provided by municipal organizations. Despite being a crucial service, it does not get the attention that the city’s fast growth requires. Solid waste management (SWM) and collection services are generally inadequate and lacking in this area. This situation has caused a number of problems for the urban environment and public health. Large-scale human interventions in the natural environment are the principal source of ecological and sustainability risks in the urban municipal region. Black carbon is produced during the incineration of MSW, and harmful toxins like sulfur dioxide, mercury, and carbon dioxide are also released. Particulate matter is also added to the urban environment. These elements are posing problems for people, wildlife, and vegetative plants. It is the goal of this research to identify the problems with the MSW repository, handling, and dumpsites in the chosen region so that we may work toward fixing them

Analysis of solid waste management practices in rural settings of Tanzania

This study explores the causes of ineffective solid waste management services in Tanzania’s rural settings which are made up of district councils. It is inspired by the fact that only 7.6% of the generated waste in the district councils which makes up 74% of the total local government authorities in the country is collected. The study variables include data availability, waste minimization initiatives, financial reliability, service reliability, technological flexibility, convenient waste collection systems, responsive market, supportive legal framework, and stakeholder inclusivity. Literature review, direct observation, interviews, and questionnaires constitute part of the data collection methods. Questionnaires were distributed to 137 (100%) district councils with over 95% responses. Zonal consultative meetings were conducted in six (6) zones representing 26 regions of Tanzania’s Mainland and attended by 26(100%) Regional Environmental Experts; and 56 (30%) District Environmental Management Officers (DEMOs). The findings show inadequacy in data availability, waste minimization initiatives, financing, stakeholders’ inclusiveness, waste management options, technological flexibility, and service reliability. The findings also show the presence of a supportive legal framework and a responsive market for the provision of waste management services. The study recommends; Improvement of waste management infrastructure; promotion of waste minimization initiatives, enhancement of waste management financing, and formalization of informal waste collection service providers.